Top 150 Patriotic Quotes (With Meanings)

Patriotic quotes can inspire feelings of pride and love for our country. They remind us of the values that make our nation special, like freedom, bravery, and unity. These quotes often come from famous leaders, writers, and everyday heroes who have shown deep loyalty to their homeland. They can uplift our spirits and encourage us to appreciate the sacrifices made for our freedom.

Today, we will share some powerful patriotic quotes that can motivate and resonate with everyone. Whether you’re celebrating a national holiday or simply reflecting on what it means to be a part of your country, these words can ignite a sense of belonging and purpose.

Patriotic Quotes

“The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.”Mahatma Gandhi

This quote highlights the importance of serving our country and community. When we dedicate ourselves to helping others, we become more connected to our nation and its values. Serving others can inspire kindness, compassion, and unity, reinforcing our love for our homeland. Each of us can contribute, making our country a better place, and in turn, we find deeper meaning in our own lives.

“Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.”John F. Kennedy

Kennedy’s words remind us that being patriotic is not just about receiving benefits but also about giving back to our nation. We can show our love for our country through acts of service, volunteerism, and reaching out to help fellow citizens. This perspective allows us to appreciate everything our nation offers while encouraging us to actively participate in shaping its future.

“Freedom is never free.”Author Unknown

This quote speaks to the countless sacrifices made by those who fought for our freedom. Every member of the military and many civilians have given their time, effort, and sometimes their lives to maintain our liberty. It’s a daily reminder that our rights and freedoms are treasured but must also be protected and honored through our actions and respect for one another.

“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”Nathan Hale

Nathan Hale’s passionate commitment to his country reflects the ultimate sacrifice many have made throughout history. This quote encourages us to reflect on what we would give for our beliefs and our homeland. It inspires us to consider how we can serve our country today, whether through volunteering, advocacy, or even energetic support of our communities.

“Patriotism is supporting your country all the time and your government when it deserves it.”Mark Twain

Mark Twain reminds us that true patriotism encompasses both love and accountability. It calls for us to support our nation but also critique its flaws and shortcomings. By being engaged citizens, we encourage the government to act in the best interest of its people. This balanced approach strengthens our country, promoting growth through constructive criticism.

“A nation’s greatness is measured by how it treats its weakest members.”Mohandas Gandhi

This quote emphasizes the need for compassion and support within our society. By caring for the most vulnerable among us, we show true patriotism and strengthen our nation. It inspires us to work towards social justice and equity, ensuring that every citizen, regardless of their circumstances, knows they are valued members of our community.

“In the end, patriotism is what we make of it.”Harriet Beecher Stowe

Stowe’s words remind us that patriotism is not one-size-fits-all; it is shaped by our individual actions and beliefs. Each of us contributes to our country’s identity through the choices we make, our acts of kindness, and our pursuit of a better society. This quote inspires us to find our unique place in advancing our nation’s ideals.

“Let freedom never perish in your hands.”Joseph Addison

This quote encourages us to actively safeguard our freedoms. It stresses the importance of recognizing our role in preserving liberties, as they can be lost if we don’t protect them. We should not take our rights for granted but instead, be vigilant and proactive in our efforts to ensure that everyone can enjoy the freedoms we often celebrate.

“My country, right or wrong.”Stephen Decatur

Decatur’s quote emphasizes unwavering loyalty to one’s country. This patriotism means standing by our nation regardless of its choices, reminding us of our commitment to support the ideals we hold dear. While loyalty is vital, it also encourages us to strive for improvement and seek justice for all, reinforcing our role as active citizens.

“To be a patriot is to embrace the realities of our country—its flaws and its strengths.”Author Unknown

This quote brings attention to the honest acceptance of our nation’s complexities. True patriotism involves recognizing and addressing the challenges we face, while also celebrating our achievements. It encourages a balance of love and constructive criticism, uniting us in our collective journey toward making our country better for everyone.

“Service to others is the rent you pay for your room here on earth.”Mohammad Ali

Ali’s words inspire us to take pride in serving others and contributing to society. By viewing our actions as a way to give back, we cultivate a strong sense of community and patriotism. It reminds us that each small act of kindness strengthens the fabric of our society and fosters a sense of belonging.

“Patriotism consists not in waving the flag, but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong.”James Bryce

This quote emphasizes that true patriotism goes beyond mere displays of loyalty, such as flags. It focuses on the moral integrity of our nation and our responsibility to make it a better place. It inspires us to work collectively towards justice and equality, ensuring our country stands for what is right and fair for every citizen.

“Our flag does not fly because the wind moves it, it flies with the last breath of each soldier who died protecting it.”Unknown

This quote is a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made by those who serve our country. The flag symbolizes our freedom, and the bravery of fallen soldiers ensures that it continues to be a powerful representation of our nation’s values. By honoring their sacrifice, we strengthen our love for our country and deepen our commitment to preserving their legacy.

“The flame of freedom can never be extinguished.”Ted Cruz

Cruz’s quote beautifully captures the essence of patriotism. Freedom is a powerful ideal that inspires generations, reminding us that our pursuit of liberty is an ongoing endeavor. It unifies us in our desire for a better future and encourages us to promote values of freedom, justice, and equality for all.

“We must stand up for what we believe in. We must speak out for the values we share as Americans.”Barack Obama

Obama’s words call for our active engagement in upholding the values we cherish as a nation. By speaking up and standing together, we strengthen our commitment to equality, justice, and freedom for all. This quote inspires us to remain connected to our fellow citizens while advocating for what is right, fostering a strong sense of community and patriotism.

“I am proud to be an American, where at least I know I’m free.”Lee Greenwood

Greenwood’s lyrics encapsulate what it means to be proud of our country and the freedoms we enjoy. This pride fosters unity and shared values among Americans. It encourages us to cherish our rights and the opportunity to pursue our dreams while reminding us to protect and preserve our freedoms for future generations.

“The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.”Eleanor Roosevelt

Roosevelt’s quote embodies the spirit of patriotism through hope and ambition. Believing in our dreams strengthens our aspirations for a better nation. When united in our vision and determination, we uplift each other, driving progress and innovation as we strive to create a brighter future for ourselves and generations to come.

“A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.”Joseph Campbell

This quote emphasizes the idea of heroism in serving our country and standing up for our beliefs. Heroes embody true patriotism by prioritizing the needs of our nation and its people. Their sacrifices inspire us to contribute meaningfully to our communities and honor the legacy of those who have come before us.

“Our nation is like a tree of which we are all branches.”Ted Kulongoski

Kulongoski’s metaphor highlights our interconnectedness as citizens of our nation. Like branches, we all have unique roles and responsibilities in nurturing and supporting the greater whole. This quote inspires us to work together to create a strong and vibrant country, reminding us of the importance of unity and cooperation for a better future.

“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”George Santayana

This quote urges us to learn from our nation’s history. By understanding where we come from, we are better equipped to guide our future. This knowledge fosters patriotism by reminding us that our journey is shaped by both triumphs and mistakes, thus encouraging a commitment to continuous improvement and growth.

“What we think, we become.”Buddha

Buddha’s quote invites us to reflect on our mindset and the impact it has on our patriotism. By fostering positive thoughts, we can cultivate love and pride for our country. This perspective encourages a proactive approach to our civic duties, inspiring us to contribute positively, supporting our nation in becoming a better place for all its citizens.

“We must build dikes of courage to hold back the flood of fear.”Martin Luther King Jr.

This quote is a powerful reminder of the courage needed during challenging times. In expressing our patriotism, we need to confront fear and stand up for our beliefs. King’s words inspire us to face adversity with bravery, reminding us that standing together as united citizens can lead us through any storm.

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”Franklin D. Roosevelt

Roosevelt’s quote calls for resilience in the face of adversity. As patriots, we must overcome fear and embrace our rights and freedoms. This mindset empowers us to take action and work together to face challenges head-on, fostering unity and strength among our fellow citizens.

“The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”Nelson Mandela

Mandela’s quote reminds us that true success comes from our resilience. As citizens of our country, we will face challenges, but rising and learning from them is what defines us. This mindset of perseverance breeds a stronger patriotic spirit where we continuously strive for growth and improvement within our community.

“I would rather be a little nobody than to be an evil somebody.”Abe Lincoln

This quote from Lincoln inspires us to prioritize integrity and moral character over fame or recognition. In our pursuit of patriotism, we should remember to act righteously and stand firm in our values. Embracing this principle fosters a society built on honor, respect, and love for our country and each other.

“A nation’s strength lies in the well-being of its citizens.”Winston Churchill

Churchill’s quote emphasizes that a truly strong nation considers the welfare of its people. By investing in community support systems, education, and health, we can create a society where all citizens thrive. This quote encourages a sense of responsibility as patriots to advocate for policies that uplift and empower everyone.

“To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very humanity.”Nelson Mandela

This quote reminds us that our commitment to patriotism should always involve advocating for human rights. By fighting for equality and justice, we honor what it means to be a true citizen. Mandela’s words inspire us to unite in solidarity, ensuring that the values of freedom and respect are upheld for all.

“Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.”Winston Churchill

This quote encourages us to embrace both successes and failures as part of our journey. In terms of patriotism, it reminds us that relentless perseverance is vital to making progress for our country. We must not shy away from setbacks but instead learn from them, driving our nation toward a brighter future.

“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.”Martin Luther King Jr.

King’s powerful quote urges us to speak up and take action on issues of importance to our nation. Silence can hinder progress and impede change. As engaged citizens, we must advocate for justice, equality, and freedom, fostering a stronger sense of unity and patriotism among our fellow Americans.

“To me, the greatest honor is not to live a big life, but to create a life that matters.”Oprah Winfrey

Winfrey’s quote reflects how we should focus on making a positive impact, rather than chasing superficial achievements. This idea resonates with patriotism as we strive to contribute to our nation and our communities. Creating a meaningful life fuels our sense of belonging and responsibility toward strengthening our shared values as citizens.

“The price of freedom is eternal vigilance.”Thomas Jefferson

This quote speaks to the necessity of remaining alert and active in protecting our freedoms. Vigilance is essential in ensuring that our rights are upheld and that we safeguard the ideals our nation represents. As engaged citizens, we have a duty to advocate for justice and act responsibly to maintain the freedom we cherish.

“If there is no struggle, there is no progress.”Frederick Douglass

Douglass’ quote emphasizes the importance of resilience in our pursuit of progress. It reminds us that we may face challenges in striving for a better nation, but these struggles are necessary for growth. Engaging in our communities and advocating for change reinforces our love for our country and helps build a brighter future for all.

“Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi’s call to action inspires us all to take responsibility for the world around us. Instead of waiting for others to make a change, we must step forward and embody the values we believe in. This sentiment resonates deeply with patriotism, as it requires individual effort to create a society we are proud to belong to.

“The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.”Eleanor Roosevelt

This quote is a beautiful reminder that our aspirations are the foundation of the nation’s future. When we collectively believe in our dreams, we work together to manifest them. Cultivating an environment where individuals can pursue their passions contributes to our shared growth and pride in our country.

“There is no limit to what we, as women, can accomplish.”Michelle Obama

Obama’s words highlight the essential role women play in shaping our nation. By empowering and uplifting one another, we enhance our country’s potential and promote inclusivity. This sentiment encourages all of us to come together as active citizens, working toward a society built on equality and mutual respect.

“You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.”Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln’s quote encourages us to take action when it comes to our responsibilities as citizens. Ignoring issues will not lead to progress; instead, we must actively participate in shaping the future of our nation. This perspective fosters a sense of duty and reinforces our commitment to creating a positive impact within our communities.

“Each person must live their life as a model for others.”Rosa Parks

Parks’ quote resonates with us as we reflect on our roles in society. By living as positive examples, we can inspire others to be their best selves. This encourages us to stand up for our values and demonstrate our love for our country through our actions, ultimately promoting patriotism within our communities.

“We can complain because rose bushes have thorns, or rejoice because thorns have roses.”Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln’s words remind us to see the positives amidst challenges. We have the choice to focus on the good in our nation while acknowledging its imperfections. Embracing this mindset allows us to cultivate a sense of hope and pride that can drive meaningful change, stemming from both appreciation and critique of our nation’s path.

“The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.”Franklin D. Roosevelt

This quote encourages us to overcome doubt and fear in pursuit of a better future for our country. Believing in ourselves and the potential for progress empowers us to work together in fostering change. A collective spirit of optimism nurtures our commitment to taking action and striving for a brighter tomorrow for all citizens.

“The true test of patriotism is not in the moments of glory, but in the moments of difficulty.”John Quincy Adams

Adams’ quote highlights the importance of resilience and perseverance during tough times. True patriotism shines through in our commitment to our nation when challenges arise. It inspires us to come together, support one another, and work towards a common goal, reaffirming our love and loyalty to our homeland.

“Peace cannot be achieved through violence; it can only be attained through understanding.”Ralph Waldo Emerson

This quote encourages us to promote peace and harmony within our nation through empathy and communication. By fostering understanding among our communities, we can bridge divides and create a more inclusive society. Patriotism thrives in an environment where love, respect, and kindness guide our interactions with one another.

“What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal.”Albert Pike

Pike’s words inspire us to consider the lasting impact of our actions. Focusing on serving others and contributing to our communities reinforces our patriotic spirit. Embracing this perspective cultivates a sense of belonging and purpose, reminding us that we are all integral to the fabric of our nation.

“The best way to predict the future is to create it.”Peter Drucker

Drucker’s quote encourages us to take an active role in shaping the future of our nation. By believing in our power to create meaningful change, we inspire hope and optimism in ourselves and others. This sense of agency reinforces our commitment to our patriotism, pushing us to take action in our communities.

“Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.”Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi’s quote encourages us to live fully and learn continuously. By embracing our experiences, we foster a deeper appreciation for our nation and its values. This mindset cultivates a sense of patriotism that inspires us to advocate for growth and progress while cherishing our shared history and dreams.

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”Martin Luther King Jr.

This quote reminds us that our fight for justice must extend beyond our immediate surroundings. As we seek to create a more equitable society, we strengthen our sense of patriotism by advocating for the rights of all individuals. Together, we can build a world where everyone feels valued and respected, reflecting the true spirit of our nation.

“Dream big and dare to fail.”Norman Vaughan

Vaughan’s quote encourages us to pursue our ambitions and not be afraid of failure. As patriots, we can embrace our dreams for our country and community, knowing that courage and determination will lead us forward. This mindset fosters innovation and progress, uniting us all in our quest for a brighter future.

“Success is not how high you have climbed, but how you make a positive difference to the world.”Roy T. Bennett

Bennett’s insight inspires us to focus on the impact we make in our communities rather than seeking personal accolades. By contributing positively to the lives of others, we embody patriotic values and inspire those around us to work toward a shared vision of progress and unity in our country.

“You need to find what sparks a light in you so that you, in your own way, can illuminate the world.”Oprah Winfrey

Winfrey’s quote reminds us of the importance of discovering our passions and how they contribute to our communities. By nurturing our unique talents, we can uplift others and promote positive change. This sense of purpose strengthens our patriotism, inspiring us to work collectively for the betterment of our nation.

“The only way to do great work is to love what you do.”Steve Jobs

Jobs’ quote encourages us to pursue our passions and dedicate ourselves fully to our endeavors. When we love what we do, we inspire those around us and contribute positively to our communities. This commitment reflects our patriotism by fostering a sense of unity and hope for a better future.

“A good leader is a person who takes a little more than his share of the blame and a little less than his share of the credit.”John C. Maxwell

Maxwell’s quote emphasizes humility and responsibility in leadership, qualities vital for fostering patriotism. As leaders in our communities, we must prioritize the well-being of others over personal gain. This selflessness encourages collaboration and growth, uniting our fellow citizens in the pursuit of common goals.

“We rise by lifting others.”Robert Ingersoll

Ingersoll’s quote reminds us that true success is found in supporting one another. When we lift those around us, we help create a stronger community and embody the spirit of patriotism. By encouraging collaboration and kindness, we inspire others to join us in making our nation a better place for all.

“Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all.”Helen Keller

Keller’s quote inspires us to embrace life as an exciting journey. When we view challenges as adventures, we encourage growth and resilience. This sense of adventure is vital for fostering patriotism, as it pushes us to strive for progress and improvement in our lives and our communities.

“The greatest use of a life is to spend it on something that will outlast it.”William James

James’ quote encourages us to dedicate our lives to meaningful causes that benefit future generations. By investing in our communities and nation, we contribute to building a legacy that encompasses the values we cherish. This sense of purpose fuels our patriotism, as we work toward a brighter future for everyone.

“Not all of us can do great things. But we can do small things with great love.”Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa’s powerful words inspire us to contribute to our nation through small acts of kindness and compassion. Each gesture, no matter how small, adds to the collective spirit of patriotism. By showing love and caring for others, we strengthen our communities and reinforce the values that unite us as a country.

“Everything you’ve ever wanted is on the other side of fear.”George Addair

This quote encourages us to confront our fears and pursue our dreams. Embracing courage in the face of uncertainty is crucial for both personal growth and contributing to our nation. By overcoming obstacles, we gain the confidence to take action and make a positive impact in our communities, reinforcing our shared values as patriots.

“We become what we think about.”Earl Nightingale

Nightingale’s quote highlights the power of our thoughts in shaping our actions and outcomes. As we focus on positive, patriotic values, we can inspire ourselves and others to take part in building a more inclusive society. Through our thoughts and actions, we contribute to our nation’s growth and progress.

“Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away.”Maya Angelou

Angelou’s quote captures the essence of living fully and appreciating the beauty around us. By cherishing the moments that inspire us, we nurture a deep love for our country and its values. This perspective encourages us to create memorable experiences while fostering a sense of patriotism that unites us in our shared journey.

“You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream.”C.S. Lewis

Lewis’ words inspire us to pursue our dreams at any stage in our lives. This belief promotes growth and progress, reinforcing our passion for improving ourselves and our nation. By striving for new aspirations, we can uplift our communities and foster a stronger sense of patriotism as we work together toward a brighter future.

“If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else.”Booker T. Washington

Washington’s quote highlights the importance of helping others as a way to uplift ourselves. By supporting those around us, we create a stronger, more connected community, and embody the spirit of patriotism. This mindset reinforces our collective commitment to improving our nation and fostering growth for all its citizens.

“Doubt kills more dreams than failure ever will.”Suzy Kassem

Kassem’s quote encourages us to overcome doubt and fear in pursuit of our dreams. As patriots, we must embrace our aspirations and push through challenges. By believing in ourselves and supporting one another, we can create a brighter and more inclusive future for our country.

“Happiness is not something ready-made. It comes from your own actions.”Dalai Lama

The Dalai Lama’s words inspire us to create our own happiness through positive actions. By engaging in community service and uplifting others, we foster a stronger sense of love and loyalty for our country. This commitment to making a difference in the lives of others reinforces our values and patriotism.

“Change your thoughts and you change your world.”Norman Vincent Peale

Peale’s quote emphasizes the power of our mindset in shaping our experiences. By cultivating positive thoughts, we inspire ourselves and those around us to take action toward a brighter future for our nation. This mindset fuels our patriotism as we strive to promote unity, justice, and compassion.

“The best revenge is massive success.”Frank Sinatra

Sinatra’s quote inspires us to channel our energy into achieving our goals rather than seeking revenge. Focusing on success fosters a culture of positivity and unity among citizens, reinforcing our shared values as patriots. Together, we can work toward building a strong and prosperous nation where everyone can thrive.

“The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary.”Vidal Sassoon

Sassoon’s quote highlights the importance of hard work and determination in achieving success. As patriots, we must commit ourselves to our dreams and aspirations for our nation. By putting in the effort, we can contribute meaningfully to our communities and the lives of others, reinforcing our love and loyalty toward our homeland.

“Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it.”Henry David Thoreau

Thoreau’s quote emphasizes the necessity of hard work and dedication in achieving our goals. By remaining focused on our pursuits, we contribute to our nation’s progress. As we work diligently toward our dreams, we inspire others to do the same, fostering a spirit of patriotism that drives us forward together.

“Don’t watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going.”Sam Levenson

Levenson’s quote encourages us to stay focused on our goals and continue moving forward. In our pursuit of growth and improvement for our country, it’s essential to remain dedicated and persistent. This mindset fosters resilience and determination, uniting us in our shared vision for a brighter future.

“A goal without a plan is just a wish.”Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

Saint-Exupéry’s quote reminds us that achieving our ambitions requires thoughtful planning and action. By setting clear goals for ourselves and our communities, we can effectively work towards improving our nation. This sense of purpose is essential for fostering patriotism, as we strive together to create a better future for all.

“Well done is better than well said.”Benjamin Franklin

Franklin’s quote emphasizes the importance of taking action rather than just talking about our ambitions. In our efforts to create positive change, we must focus on tangible results. This commitment to action fosters a strong sense of patriotism as we come together to improve our communities and take pride in our accomplishments.

“Your time is limited, don’t waste it living someone else’s life.”Steve Jobs

Jobs’ words inspire us to pursue our passions and live authentically. By embracing our individuality, we contribute to a diverse nation united by shared values. This pursuit of personal fulfillment fosters patriotism, encouraging us to work collectively toward a brighter future while appreciating one another’s unique contributions.

“A champion is afraid of losing. Everyone else is afraid of winning.”Billie Jean King

King’s quote challenges us to embrace the idea of winning. As we work to create positive change for our country, we should focus on our potential for success rather than fearing failure. This mindset empowers us to strive for excellence and fosters a sense of patriotism that unites us in our journey toward progress.

“We all have a responsibility to make the world a better place for future generations.”Rachel Carson

Carson’s quote emphasizes that our actions today impact the world tomorrow. By taking ownership of our responsibilities as citizens, we can contribute to creating a thriving nation for future generations. This sense of duty strengthens our patriotism and inspires us to advocate for positive change in our communities.

“If you do what you’ve always done, you’ll get what you’ve always gotten.”Tony Robbins

Robbins’ quote encourages us to step outside our comfort zones to achieve meaningful progress. Embracing change and innovation is essential for nurturing our patriotism, as it helps create a more vibrant and inclusive nation. By continually challenging ourselves, we can inspire others to join us in fostering growth and progress.

“Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.”William James

James’ quote reminds us that our actions hold power and can create change. As engaged citizens, we have the ability to make a difference in our communities, reinforcing our sense of patriotism. By acting with intention and purpose, we inspire others to join us in contributing to a better future for our nation.

“Success is finding satisfaction in giving a little more than you take.”Author Unknown

This quote emphasizes the importance of generosity in our lives. By giving more than we take, we can strengthen our communities and create a sense of unity among our fellow citizens. This spirit of giving embodies the essence of patriotism, as we come together to support one another and uplift our nation.

“True patriotism isn’t about which side you’re on; it’s about compassion for your fellow humans.”Author Unknown

This quote encourages us to embrace empathy and kindness as cornerstones of our patriotism. It reminds us that love for our country should extend to every individual living within its borders. By showing compassion, we foster unity and understanding, allowing our nation to thrive as a harmonious community built on shared values.

Final Thoughts

Through the various quotes about patriotism, we see how love for our country can inspire us to be active citizens. Each quote resonates with deep meanings that remind us of our responsibilities and rights as members of society. They encourage us to honor our past, work for our present, and strive for a better future for everyone.

As we reflect on these words, it becomes evident that true patriotism involves service, connection, and a commitment to uphold justice and equality. By embracing these principles, we can actively participate in building a stronger community and making a positive impact on our nation.

For those looking to engage more fully in patriotic themes, exploring additional topics like Happy 4th of July Quotes or Christian Christmas Quotes can further enrich our understanding and appreciation of what it means to be part of our great nation.